![]() These smart materials possess some attributes, which can be altered desirably under a controlled environment through temperature, stress, and an electric or a magnetic field, which act as external stimuli. Numerous research efforts have focused on the direction of applications of smart materials in engineering structures. As a result, this review can provide a guideline for the scholars who want to use PEH’s for their research. A discussion has been provided as a critical review of current challenges in this field. ![]() Then a summary of previous studies based on PEH’s other applications is listed, considering the technical aspects and methodologies. In addition, the fundamental idea about piezoelectric materials, along with their modeling for various applications, are detailed systematically. In this review article, a detailed study focused on the piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEH’s) is reported. This phenomenon builds an electric potential across the material. The fundamental component of the energy harvester is the piezoelectric material, which, when subjected to mechanical vibrations or applied stress, induces the displaced ions in the material and results in a net electric charge due to the dipole moment of the unit cell. Because of their excellent mechanical-to-electrical and vice versa energy conversion properties, piezoelectric materials with high piezoelectric charge and voltage coefficient have been tested in renewable energy applications. The piezoelectric materials have shown key characteristics for engineering applications, such as in sensors and actuators for industrial use. In the last three decades, smart materials have become popular.
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